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RISIKOFAKTORER - Faktorer, der er associeret med en øget risikoen for kræft i huden |
BESKYTTELSESFAKTORER - faktorer er associeret med en nedsat risiko for kræft i huden |
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Hudtype I/II – dvs. lys hud med fregner, mange modermærker, rødt/blondt hår (1-3)
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Naturlig mørk hudpigmentering (3)
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Solariebrug (4;5)
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At man ikke bruger solarium (5)
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Solskoldninger (6-8)
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At man ikke bliver solskoldet (7)
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Udsættelser for (høj) UV-stråling i barndommen (6)
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At man ikke er udsat for (høj) UV-stråling i barndommen (6)
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Intermitterende soleksponering (fx solferier) (7;9)
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At man ikke er udsat for intermitterende soleksponering (fx solferier) (7)
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Genmutationer (fx manglende evne til DNA reparation) (1)
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At man ikke har genmutationer associeret med kræft i huden (1)
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Alder, dvs. større risiko jo ældre man er (1)
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At man er ung (1)
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Transplantation (immunsupprimerende behandling) (16)
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Muligvis overvægt (10)
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Faktorer, der er associeret med lavere risiko for at blive solskoldet er herudover:
· Brug af skygge og tøj som solbeskyttelse (11)
I epidemiologiske studier er der ikke konsensus om, at brug af solcreme nedsætter risikoen for skoldninger eller kræft i huden(11-13) – dette skyldes sandsynligvis, at solcreme bruges forkert, dvs. i for lille mængde og til at forlænge ophold i solen. I kliniske settings kan korrekt brug af solcreme beskytte mod skoldninger (14;15).
Litteratur
(1) Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000 Sep;25(6):459-63.
(2) Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Abeni D, Boyle P, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi. Eur J Cancer 2005 Jan;41(1):28-44.
(3) Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Zanetti R, Masini C, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: III. Family history, actinic damage and phenotypic factors. Eur J Cancer 2005 Sep;41(14):2040-59.
(4) Veierod MB, Adami HO, Lund E, Armstrong BK, Weiderpass E. Sun and solarium exposure and melanoma risk: effects of age, pigmentary characteristics, and nevi. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010 Jan;19(1):111-20.
(5) IARC. Exposure to Artificial UV Radiation and Skin Cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization; 2006. Report No.: 1.
(6) Oliveria SA, Saraiya M, Geller AC, Heneghan MK, Jorgensen C. Sun exposure and risk of melanoma. Arch Dis Child 2006 Feb;91(2):131-8.
(7) Elwood JM, Jopson J. Melanoma and sun exposure: an overview of published studies. Int J Cancer 1997 Oct 9;73(2):198-203.
(8) Dennis LK, Vanbeek MJ BFLSBDDCJ. Sunburns and risk of cutaneous melanoma: does age matter? A comprehensive meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18(8):614.
(9) Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Picconi O, Boyle P, et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 2005 Jan;41(1):45-60.
(10) Shipman AR, Millington GW. Obesity and the skin. Br J Dermatol 2011 Oct;165(4):743-50.
(11) Linos E, Keiser E, Fu T, Colditz G, Chen S, Tang JY. Hat, shade, long sleeves, or sunscreen? Rethinking US sun protection messages based on their relative effectiveness. Cancer Causes Control 2011 Jul;22(7):1067-71.
(12) Køster B, Thorgaard C, Philip A, Clemmensen IH. Prevalence of sunburn and sun-related behaviour in the Danish population: A cross-sectional study. Scand J Public Health 2010 May 19.
(13) Loden M, Beitner H, Gonzalez H, Edström DW, Åkerstrom U, Austad J, et al. Sunscreen use: controversies, challenges and regulatory aspects. Br J Dermatol 2011 Aug;165(2):255-62.
(14) Wulf CH, Stender IM, Andersen JL. Sunscreen used at the beach do not protect against erythema:a new definition of SPF is proposed. Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine 1997;13:129-32.
(15) Faurschou A, Wulf HC. The relation between sun protection factor and amount of suncreen applied in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2007 Apr;156(4):716-9.
(16) Engels EA etal: Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA 2011: 306(17); 1891-1901.